For a long time in NATO’s history, the three traditional operational domains – Land, Sea and Air – were the basis for deriving the necessary capabilities and providing the framework for both the strategic and operational approaches to warfare. More importantly, those three operational domains which are representing the physical environment were naturally the most appropriate order to deal with military operations. Technical as well as social developments led to accelerated interconnectivity between the three operational domains. Today, civil society...

At Brussel’s NATO Summit in 2020, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg launched the #NATO 2030 effort remarking that ­‘resilience – be it infrastructure, telecommunications, 5G or healthcare, access to protective equipment – all of that matters for the civilian society, but it actually also matters for NATO as a military ­alliance and our military capabilities. […] making sure that we have credible deterrence and defence, because that’s the best way to prevent a conflict, is to remove any room for...

The rapid progress in computer vision made possible by deep learning techniques has favoured the large diffusion of appli­cations based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). The ability to analyse different kinds of images and data from heterogeneous sensors is making this technology particularly interesting for military and defence appli­cations. However, these machine learning techniques were not designed to compete with intelligent opponents; therefore, the characteristics that make them so interesting also represent their greatest weakness in this class of applications. More...