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Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2023 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, I am honoured to serve as your Moderator for the JAPCC Conference once again. For the second year in a row, we will convene amidst a major war being fought on the European mainland, right on NATO’s borders. Two years ago – a few months before Putin’s illegal invasion of Ukraine – the then JAPCC Director, General Harrigian, spoke about how such an act should be a ‘forcing function’ for our governments and for NATO itself. The actions...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2022 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, There is little doubt today that we live in a time of renewed global competition between major state powers. This also means that we live in what is, potentially, an extremely hazardous age. In recent times, we have little to be thankful for from some of the so-called ‘Great Powers’. China (albeit most likely by accident) has brought us pestilence in the form of the Covid-19 virus. Russia (most definitely, by design) has brought us war in Ukraine....

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2021 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, I am extremely excited about the prospect of participating in the JAPCC’s Joint Air & Space Power Conference this year. Much can be achieved, as we have all learnt, through online ‘virtual’ meetings, but we have also experienced their limitations when compared to meeting ‘in real life’. I am currently imagining being in a large room with actual people, listening, meeting and chatting together, face-to-face, and then over coffee during the breaks. I wonder if any of us...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2020 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, When our way of life is threatened, we look to science and technology to save us. This is as true of our most current crisis – the Covid-19 pandemic – as it was of other global threats in the past – wars, famines, expansionist regimes and so on. The few paragraphs I have written here will take you (very approximately) 2.5 minutes to read. The read ahead material that my words precede will, I am sure, take you...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2019 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, It is my privilege and pleasure to serve as your moderator for this year’s JAPCC Conference. As in previous years, the panels for this conference follow a logical progression. Panel one has the clear task of establishing a working definition of what we actually mean by the term ‘Multi-Domain Operations’ (MDO). It would not be too dramatic to say that the rest of this conference (and, certainly, the remaining three panels) depends on the outcome of panel one....

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2018 Read Ahead

Esteemed Colleagues, It is my privilege and pleasure to serve as the moderator for this year’s Joint Air and Space Power Conference, which will be hosted by the Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) 9–11 October 2018 in Essen, Germany. As you have already noted from the cover of this read-ahead, the theme of this year’s conference is: ‘The Fog of Day Zero: Joint Air and Space Power in the Vanguard’ The expression ‘Fog of Day Zero’ is a concept...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2017 Read Ahead

Dear Reader, It is my great privilege and pleasure to act as the moderator once again for the Joint Air Power Competence Centre’s (JAPCC) annual conference, which will take place over the period 10–12 October 2017 in Essen, Germany. The theme for this year’s Conference is: ‘The Role of Joint Air Power in NATO Deterrence’ The issue of deterrence was raised extensively in the previous two JAPCC conferences, both in the context of strategic communications and with regard to NATO’s...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2016 Read Ahead

Dear Reader, It is my great privilege and pleasure to act as the moderator for this year’s Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) Conference, which will take place over the period 4–6 October 2016 in Essen, Germany. The theme for this year’s conference is ‘Preparing NATO for Joint Air Operations in a ­Degraded Environment.’ This is a broad topic and is one that has perhaps not had the visibility it deserves in recent years. Recent contemporary operations in Iraq and...

Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2015 Read Ahead

The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) welcomes you to attend our 2015 Air and Space Power Conference in Essen, Germany, from 23 to 25 November 2015. The JAPCC is an accredited NATO Centre of Excellence which aims to provide key decision-makers with effective solutions on Air and Space Power challenges in order to safeguard NATO and the Nations’ interests. Our internationally renowned annual conference provides an interactive forum for delegates to exchange ideas and perspectives on Joint Air and...

Achieving Sustainable Air and Space Readiness in the Light of the Ukrainian War

In the dynamic and ever-evolving strategic landscape, NATO continually adjusts its Military Instrument of Power via the ‘Concept for Deterrence and Defence of the Euro-Atlantic Area’, and the ‘NATO Warfighting Capstone Concept’. As a military Alliance, NATO’s primary objective is to provide credible deterrence and defence, recognizing deterrence as the most effective means of preventing future conflict. It is essential for the Alliance to eliminate any doubts – both among NATO’s allies and our adversaries – regarding NATO’s readiness and...

Conference Proceedings 2023

The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) Conference, which took place in Essen, Germany, from 10–12 October 2023, focused on the important task of Enhancing Deterrence and Defence within NATO. The conference aimed to explore how Joint Air Power can be utilized as a decisive tool and primary enabler to achieve Alliance objectives. These proceedings aim to capture the key messages conveyed during the two-day event, rather than providing a chronological record of the topics discussed. The 2023 Conference brought...

NATO Rapid Air Mobility

‘Obtaining additional air transport mobility – and obtaining it now – will better assure the ability of our conventional forces to respond, with discrimination and speed, to any problem at any spot on the globe at a moment’s notice.’ President John F. Kennedy NATO’s Rapid Air Mobility (RAM) initiative enables state aircraft to support the rapid deployment of forces during emergent operations. Executing the mobility mission faster, with little or no notice, leads to a more efficient Alliance. NATO Assistant...

The Next ‘Small Step for Man’ in the Metaverse

On 28 October 2021, when Meta five years before the actual COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. ‘Over the next two to three years, virtual meetings will shift from the 2D camera image grid format to a 3D space with a digital avatar’, Due to the pandemic, humankind has been forced to make monumental leaps in technology use. Technology has grown, changed, and accelerated so rapidly and widely in the last two years, where normally it would have taken decades. In such a challenging...

Close Air Support Command and Control

Today’s military operations are becoming more complicated with the increasing number and variety of options available to commanders at all levels. The expansion of military activity beyond the Air, Maritime, and Land domains to Space and Cyberspace has broadened the community of warfighters that modern militaries require to operate successfully and efficiently in the battlespace. As the changing character of war becomes entangled in the digital world, future conflicts will be decided by those who are the fastest at collecting,...

Conference Proceedings 2021

We are delighted to provide you with the 2021 Joint Air and Space Power Conference Proceedings for the conference, which was held 7-9 September 2021 in Essen, Germany. The JAPCC conference brings together innovative academics and military experts in the field of Joint Air and Space Power. The conference’s primary goal was to address the significant challenges of bringing policy and concepts into action ‘at the speed of relevance.’ About 300 Joint Air and Space practitioners from across NATO, the...

Staff

Homebase >  About Us > Based on a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), the JAPCC is sponsored by 14 NATO nations who provide a variety of experienced Subject Matter Experts (SME) that come from all three services. Through its multi-discipline organization, the JAPCC chooses the most suitable SMEs for the task and combines their knowledge and experience to fully contribute to transforming NATO’s A&S Power. More importantly, the JAPCC is not constrained by the need for consensus or by political expediency...

Defending Space in and through Cyberspace

In a recently published book titled ‘2034’, Admiral Stavridis and Elliot Ackerman, two former military officers with deep operational and diplomatic backgrounds, tried to describe how and, apparently, when a future war with China might start. The novel provides a frightening view of an Orwellian dystopian future where the two global powers, the United States (US) and China clash, whereby powerful new forms of cyberspace weaponry and stealth capabilities are employed. According to the scenario, the hypothetical future war starts...

Publications

Homebase >  Search Date Range Sort Results Newest to oldestOldest to newestFrom A to ZFrom Z to A Publication Type Journals Journal Articles Online Feature White Papers Books Book Chapters Conference Read Aheads Conference Read Ahead Essays Conference Proceedings Annual Reports Flyers Warfare Domains Air Operations Cyberspace Operations Land Operations Maritime Operations Multi-Domain Operations Space Support in Operations Competence Areas Air & Missile Defence Air Leadership Education and Training Air Operations Planning Air Traffic Management and Airspace Control Air Transport...

Bots Taking Over

Decision-making problems, one of the main research areas of management science, have been studied in a highly-interdisciplinary manner by the contributions of the scientists and engineers from various research fields. Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and utilization of AI systems in the decision-making realm led to a new era, where human decision authority is increasingly being delegated to machines. More than two decades ago, game and interaction-science researchers, as well as chess fans, were thrilled by the defeat of the...

Panel 4

Homebase >  Conference >   Conference Panels >  The use of the term Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) has increased in popularity over the past decade as military services, those of the United States, in particular, have sought to codify their approach to warfare beyond the traditional confines of land, sea, and air. The term is new enough that, while many in military circles within the US and NATO have heard and even used the term themselves, the term is yet undefined by...

Panel 3

Homebase >  Conference >   Conference Panels >  The use of the term Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) has increased in popularity over the past decade as military services, those of the United States, in particular, have sought to codify their approach to warfare beyond the traditional confines of land, sea, and air. The term is new enough that, while many in military circles within the US and NATO have heard and even used the term themselves, the term is yet undefined by...

Panel 2

Homebase >  Conference >   Conference Panels >  The use of the term Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) has increased in popularity over the past decade as military services, those of the United States, in particular, have sought to codify their approach to warfare beyond the traditional confines of land, sea, and air. The term is new enough that, while many in military circles within the US and NATO have heard and even used the term themselves, the term is yet undefined by...

Panel 1

Homebase >  Conference >   Conference Panels >  The use of the term Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) has increased in popularity over the past decade as military services, those of the United States, in particular, have sought to codify their approach to warfare beyond the traditional confines of land, sea, and air. The term is new enough that, while many in military circles within the US and NATO have heard and even used the term themselves, the term is yet undefined by...

Conference

https://www.japcc.org/wp-content/uploads/Conference-Video-2023-SD.mp4 Theme Panels Agenda Speakers Read Ahead Directions Venue Accommodation Exhibitor Information Sponsors Register Now Conference Email and Code Verification EmailRegistration CodeSubmit Checksum Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4 Panel 3 Panel 4 Panel 5 Panel 6 Panel 5 Panel 6 Conference Email and Code Verification EmailRegistration CodeSubmit Checksum For any questions regarding participation in the conference or any problems with your request, please send a note to . For participation in the Joint...

Dynamic Challenges and the Need to Adapt

Since its establishment in 2005, the Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) has aimed to provide key decision-makers with effective solutions to Air and Space Power challenges. This is our mission, and by doing so, we contribute to the safeguarding of NATO and our nations’ interests. Throughout the last 16 years, the JAPCC has been an extremely active ‘think tank’ for Air and Space Power. As an operational-minded Centre of Excellence (CoE) for NATO, the JAPCC has supported the development...

Managing the Electromagnetic Spectrum

‘Effectively, change is almost impossible without industry-wide collaboration, cooperation, and consensus.’ Simon Mainwaring NATO’s dependence on the EMS would seem to be in play (‘What do you mean I won’t have access to the spectrum? The lightning bolts are right there on my OV-1.’). Peer and near-peer adversaries have been watching NATO operate for the last twenty-five years with virtually uncontested access to the EMS. They have been planning to deny NATO forces this precious access and they know it...

Superiority in the Electromagnetic Spectrum Panel Introduction

‘The EMS is the cross-domain and fundamental glue which binds the other operating domains of Air, Land, Maritime, Cyber, and Space.’ The Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2021 will offer a platform to reflect upon various aspects of delivering NATO Air & Space Power at the Speed of Relevance. One of these aspects is the challenge for the Alliance to achieve operational superiority in the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) using different means. One important pillar in this effort is the...

Homepage

NATO’s Advocate for Air and Space Power Forging the Future of Joint Air and Space Power About Us Register Now Read more Be NATO’s catalyst for the improvement and transformation of Joint Air and Space Power; delivering effective solutions through independent thought and analysis. As a team of multinational experts, we’re to provide key decision-makers effective solutions on Air and Space Power challenges, in order to safeguard NATO and the Nations’ interests. Esteemed Colleagues, I am honoured to serve as...

Cybersecurity Challenges with Emerging Technologies

It was the end of April 2020 when the first 5G base station was installed by Huawei, together with China Mobile, on the ‘roof of the world’, Mount Everest, at an altitude of 6,500 m, near the Qianjin camp, providing invaluable wireless communication to climbers and researchers. At the summit on the Northside of Mount Qomolangma (the Tibetan name for Mount Everest) the highest 5G tower provides high definition live broadcast and monitors environmental and scientific activities. Huawei has been...

Space: NATO’s Newest Operational Domain

The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) is currently officially recognized as the COE ‘for the facilitation of Joint Air Power transformation within NATO’s overall transformation efforts’. The original Concept for the JAPCC, submitted by the Framework Nation (FN), Germany in 2003 states: ‘This synergistic application of air, space and information systems from and for all services to project military power is summarized with the term ‘Joint Air Power.’  It further includes ‘Space Operations’ in a list of ‘air-related concepts...

Hypersonics: Changing the NATO Deterrence Game

As NATO ‘increases investment into innovation to harness the benefits and mitigate the risks of emerging technologies, such as hypersonic systems,’ will the current ‘balanced and defensive package of measures that ensure the credibility and effectiveness of our deterrence’ The integration of the offensive use of hypersonic weapons capability into Russian operational doctrine, in tandem with the use of nuclear weapons, creates serious escalatory dynamics for NATO. The purpose of this piece however is not to detail the engineering feats of...

Winning the Invisible War

Note: This article has been amended for use for this Read Ahead publication. The complete study can be accessed through https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Winning_the_Invisible_War_WEB.pdf. The explosion of mobile communications and, most recently, the emerging Internet of Things are turning the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) into an increasingly crowded place. The advent of 5G, with its need for wide swaths of spectrum in multiple frequency ranges to enable higher data rates, will only intensify this trend and create more conflicts between commercial and government users....

Conference Proceedings 2019

The JAPCC Conference, held in Essen, Germany from 8–10 October 2019, concerned itself with Multi-Domain Operations (MDO). This paper aims to capture key messages from the conference. Rather than producing a chronological record of these discussions, it will introduce them thematically. There were several recurring key themes across the two days of the conference. These key themes were clearly ones which concerned and engaged the 344 attendees of this 2019 JAPCC Conference. The themes identified also lead to some key...

Training Joint Forces for Multi-Domain Operations

‘I have instructed my staff to put large-scale, high intensity, all domains warfare against a near-peer adversary at the very heart of all our training from now on, and I am prepared to assume some risk in other areas to achieve this.’ SACEUR’s Annual Guidance on Education, Training, Exercises and Evaluation 2019 In 2013, JAPCC provided extensive support to the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) in Stavanger for the first time with an OPFOR Air team. The supported exercise was Steadfast...

Conference Proceedings 2018

From 9 to 11 October 2018, the Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) held its Annual Air and Space Power Conference in Essen, Germany. The conference was attended by more than 280 participants, including four NATO Air Chiefs and 55 General Officers, Flag Officers and senior civilian executives. Attendees also included members of several NATO organizations, representatives of non-governmental organizations, academia and defence industrial partners. In total, 25 different nations were represented, a true cross-section of the Alliance and European...

Conference Proceedings 2017

The 2017 Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) Air and Space Power Conference was held between 10 and 12 October in Messe Essen, Germany. The Conference boasted 300 participants including senior military leaders, NATO staff, non-governmental organizations, defence industry officials and staff from 27 different nations, all of whom contributed to the discussion on this complex and challenging area. The theme was deterrence and the role joint air power plays – and should play – in providing NATO with an...

Conference Proceedings 2016

The 2016 Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) Conference was held between 4th and 6th October in Essen, Germany. It considered whether NATO’s employment of airpower over the past two decades in operations where environmental conditions have been neither contested nor congested had resulted in a reduced level of preparedness – both doctrinally and in terms of training – for alliance air power to be utilised optimally in a degraded environment. This is a broad topic and is one that...

Conference Proceedings 2015

The 2015 Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) Conference was held between 23 and 25 November in Essen, Germany. It explored the broad themes of Strategic Communications with specific regard to NATO air power. It considered whether NATO’s air power capabilities and messages were well understood and were being adequately conveyed to a variety of key audiences including western publics, defence and finance government officials and NATO ambassadors. JAPCC’s intention is to combine the views espoused at the Conference with...

Transparent Stakeholder and Multinational Collaboration

The European defence system is finally evolving, accelerated by the growing need for effective, efficient, and sustainable air and space capabilities. At the same time, in light of the war against Ukraine, various shortcomings in Europe’s defence, industrial and technological capabilities have suddenly become tangible. Simultaneously, a geopolitical power shift is happening that has the US increasingly focused on China as the ‘pacing threat’ and system rival and are expecting Europe to pull their weight by contributing to their own...

Ensuring the Availability of Capability

‘Invincibility lies in defence; the possibility of victory in the attack.’ Sun Tzu There is no longer such a thing as a Rear Area, only a single Contiguous Battlespace that covers all dimensions concurrently, including the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Potential adversaries are demonstrating their willingness to break international law in pursuit of their agendas and will exploit the concept of a contiguous battlespace to do so. They will look to degrade NATO capability when and wherever possible through any means conceivable....

The Relevance of Superior Joint Air and Space Power Technology in NATO’s Defence

Evolution in the military is driven by the need to defend yourself and defeat your enemy, sometimes at all costs. The victor, in general, first develops a military force capable of evolving and incorporating new technologies at a scale superior to his competitors or adversaries. In the past few centuries in particular, military engineers and inventors have developed many key technologies that considerably altered the character of warfare. One of the most important was the invention of gunpowder, which changed...

What Happened at NATO’s Vilnius Summit?

A1: The position held by the alliance on Ukraine’s NATO application and other allies to minimize any risk of Russia escalating the conflict in Ukraine or beyond. However, allies went further than ever before on Kyiv’s membership by removing the requirement for a Membership Action Plan and creating a new NATO-Ukraine Council.: ‘For the first time, not only do all allies agree on this, but a significant majority in the alliance is vigorously pushing for it.’ A2: Although NATO membership is the ultimate...

Quantum Technology for Defence

Quantum Technology (QT) has its foundation in quantum mechanics, a discipline more than one hundred years old. The first applications of quantum mechanics, known as Quantum Revolution 1.0, include nuclear fission, lasers, semiconductors, etc., where the statistical aspects of quantum behaviour are exploited. The first quantum revolution had and still has a profound impact on all aspects of society, from the military and international security to the development of atomic weapons, chips, computers, and precise navigation. Now, we are entering...

NATO’s Multinational MRTT Unit

In the 32 Since publishing, a number of developments within NATO’s Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR) mission set warrants revisiting this topic. This article will provide a brief review of the formation of the MMU, update on the progress and the successes over the past year and a half and, most importantly, provide recommendations for NATO and the Alliance members to improve the interoperability of NATO AAR capabilities and a model for future defence cooperation programmes. For this article, MMF (Multinational MRTT Fleet)...

Shaping Tomorrow’s Air Force

The geopolitical landscape is unprecedented and scattered more than ever. Facing emerging powers possessing state-of-the-art technologies becomes a day-to-day reality. Threats to our safety and global security evolve continuously. Crude actions and the aggressive rhetoric of external actors and peer competitors pushed us into an unprecedented crisis. Therefore, our Air Force must be capable of meeting the numerous challenges that arise as a result. The endless pursuit of technological lead is not a luxury but a must. Seventy-six years of...

The Multi-Domain Combat Cloud in Light of Future Air Operations

Much has been published on new operational concepts to re-enhance Western air superiority when facing threats posed by peer or near-peer competitors with long-range and precise fires. Most experts advocate for a much more integrated force approach to impose multiple military dilemmas on opponents at a high tempo. Network-collaborated manned and unmanned assets will regain combat mass and the ability to manoeuvre. In doing so, opponents will be forced to make decisions based on uncertain, options thus jeopardizing the result...

Developing an Operational Framework to Enable Interoperable Allied NATO Responsive Space Activities

With NATO facing a contested space domain, members have begun exploring responsive space capabilities that enable rapid deployment of space assets providing critical Data, Products, and Services (DPS). As explained by US Army General James Dickinson of the US Space Command (USSPACECOM), ‘During conflict, the ability to rapidly reconstitute degraded systems within hours forces adversaries to rethink the economic benefit of attacking on-orbit assets. This capability allows USSPACECOM to provide warfighters continuous access to space-based capabilities for multi-domain overmatch.’ The...

Global Competition

In general, we tend to have a rather positive relationship with the idea of competition, which is broadly accepted in sports, school, professional life and society. Liberal democracies also distinctly favour the contest between individuals and political parties to achieve the best policy outcome for society and the state. Competition between states, however, rarely comes with such positive associations. Even though relations between states today are governed more than ever by a comprehensive set of legally binding rules that demand...

Annual Report 2021

The Alliance faces a dynamic security environment that foreshadows a future battlespace more complex than ever before, requiring a new level of interoperability and joint effort. To account for this phenomenon, the Alliance identified measures to adapt within the NATO agenda 2030 and presents possibilities which will shape the future. Now more than ever, building on its experience and successes, the JAPCC decisively influences the development of NATO Joint Air and Space Power through innovative, unconstrained thinking. The Annual Report...

Air-Land Integration – Bridging the Gaps in Joint with Force Education and Training

In military and industry circles, it is very common to hear technology promoted as a joint and interoperable capability without much attention being paid to the people employing those capabilities. No matter how much faith we have in our technological solutions, resilient architectures must always consider, ‘what if a capability is easily denied or disrupted?’ As decisions in warfare are often driven by human endeavours, viable capabilities that enable Air-Land Integration (ALI) and interoperability must be entrusted to a knowledgeable...

25 Years of Integrated Air and Missile Defence Training

The Cold War timeframe is often looked upon as a gloomy era; however, it also provided positive things, like military, social, and relative political stability in Western Europe. The end of the Cold War gave impetus to countries to adapt their foreign policies, thus opening up an era of instability right at NATO’s eastern borders. In 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, a US-led coalition started preparing an adequate answer for what was considered Iraqi aggression. During Operation Desert...

The Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet Programme

‘Competition has been shown to be useful up to a certain point and no further, but cooperation, which is the thing we must strive for today, begins where competition leaves off.’ Franklin D. Roosevelt During the Cold War, strategic Air Transport (AT) did not play such an important role among the priorities of European countries because of its static geography. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and after the progressive development of the EU, the AT capabilities of European...

Space Tribes

‘Where you stand depends on where you sit.’ Rufus Edward Miles Jr. ‘We have declared space an operational domain for NATO, recognising its importance in keeping us safe and tackling security challenges, while upholding international law,’ announced the North Atlantic Council, from London, on 4 December 2019. This recognition has been widely celebrated across the NATO Command and Force Structures and initiated numerous activities. However, generic use of the term Space has caused a great deal of disparate concepts, themes, and...

Journal Edition 32

After three exciting years in Kalkar, my tour as the Assistant Director of the JAPCC and the editor of this Journal ends in September 2021. The time consuming task of being the editor of this Journal was well rewarded by the educational, innovating and thought-provoking articles we published in the past few years. I want to thank our authors for sharing their knowledge and experience, and our loyal readers, for their continuous interest and their constructive feedback. I am excited...

Security Convergence for Air and Space Power

Looking to the future, the commander of Allied Air Command called for increased efforts to achieve MDO – Multi-Domain Air and Space Operations.Although one of the goals of MDO is to increase resiliency, our reliance on technology to achieve multi-domain operations Command and Control (C2) without a corresponding focus on protection will increase the fragility of critical infrastructure vital to Air and Space (A & S) operations, against enemies developing their own multi-domain capabilities with lethal hybrid warfare strategies. Moreover,...

NATO Electronic Warfare and Cyberspace Resilience

Any organization needs to adapt to survive. NATO is no different. In the last two years working closely with the NATO Chiefs of Defence, our Alliance has delivered the first NATO Military Strategy since the 1960s. This provides the framework for NATO as a military Alliance. Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) is delivering the Deterrence and Defence for the Euro-Atlantic Region Concept and SACT is leading on the delivery of the NATO Warfighting Capstone Concept, which formalizes our approach to...

Technology and Connectivity

‘Any Air Force which does not keep its doctrine ahead of its equipment, and its vision far into the future, can only delude the nation into a false sense of security.’ General Henry H. Arnold Air and Space Power (A & SP) are intrinsically linked with technology and connectivity, in fact, they are two sides of the same coin. To fully understand the complexity of modern A & SP, it is paramount to consider the specificities of the aerospace environment...

Annual Report 2020

It is safe to say the Year 2020 was not what anyone expected it would be! We have all endured a very difficult global situation, with this ongoing pandemic affecting each of our Nations. Our thoughts and sympathies go out to everyone affected by this pandemic. In spite of these lingering challenges, we are proud that the JAPCC team remained resilient, flexible, and productive throughout the year. This edition of the Annual Report summarizes what the JAPCC accomplished in this...

Crossroads of Technologies and Authorities

‘… with great power there must also come – great responsibility!’ The United States (US) Military, particularly its Air Force and Army, are pursuing technical capabilities to facilitate Command and Control (C2) in multiple domains and/or across all domains … a tremendous capability (great power) indeed. While these efforts are not being pursued exclusively in the US, the US is currently spearheading the discussion and research into these types of capabilities and in the process attempting to gain a clearer...

Distance No Longer Equals Protection

‘The military services are ramping up spending on hypersonic weapons and defense capabilities, from rocket-based glide systems to air-breathing weapons to low-altitude cruise missiles and more.’ Advances in technology continue to outpace the techniques, procedures, and doctrinal aspects of how a new weapon integrates into the Joint Force, specifically Hypersonic Strike Weapons (HSW). The ‘traditional model’ has been ‘develop what we want, we will figure things out later’, which can thicken the fog of war due to unintended second- and...

NATO Space

‘People see what they want to see and what people want to see never has anything to do with the truth.’ On 4 December 2019, the North Atlantic Council announced in London: ‘We have declared space an operational domain for NATO, recognising its importance in keeping us safe and tackling security challenges, while upholding international law’. In the months since that declaration, NATO developed an Initial Implementation Plan for Space, while outside NATO there have been numerous opinion pieces published recommending...

Surface to Exosphere

‘NATO Centres of Excellence’s subject matter expertise and support to NATO and Nations is indispensable.’ ACT JFD/CPD Brief in Lisbon 14 May 2019, Multinational Solutions Synchronization Conference. This Flyer follows-on from the brief taster on the same topic provided with the ‘Inside the JAPCC’ element of Journal Ed. 30. Like many areas of NATO as well as within the Nations, life is getting ever-busier and more complex while competition for resources remains fierce; this situation will likely deteriorate further as...

Force Protection Considerations

Overview The subject of Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) has become what can best be described as a ‘hot-topic’ not just for NATO, but globally. From a Force Protection (FP) perspective, it is offered, the primary question to explore is whether this challenge is new and unique or just one of many threats that NATO faces? As such, can it at least be partially addressed with some intellectual effort, adaptation of existing Counter-Threat methodologies and the use of existing technology, perhaps...

Cloud-based Command and Control for Security and Drone Defence Applications

Translated by Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A, JAPCC Small drone systems for private and commercial use consist of many high-tech components, offering many useful new applications for the public. However, drones are also ideal instruments for criminals and terrorists to considerably expand their capabilities. An effective defence against drones which are operated with malicious intent is therefore likely to require a similar approach utilizing sophisticated counter technology. Today, drones are readily available to anyone and are becoming increasingly powerful....

The Luftwaffe in Multi-Domain Operations

NATO is living through one of the most challenging periods of its existence. Our security environment has become even more complex and increasingly dynamic. Our security situation is characterized by crises, conflicts and the revival of traditional power policies. The upcoming decades require extraordinary capabilities of civil and military interagency cooperation and capacities to fight and win in an increasingly multi-domain information battlespace. Today’s challenges require a shared vision of how we will shape our national forces and NATO beyond...

The Case of PEGASUS

The space sector is strategic. It offers nations science and technology, industrial power, economic return and military power. Space is becoming more accessible. More countries now have the opportunity to use more or less sophisticated space assets and it is becoming more competitive with the involvement of more private organizations. Overall, space is providing new opportunities, such as new applications and services (5 generation wireless communication (5G), Internet of Things (IoT) and space tourism) or in situ resource exploitation. Society...

Using the Space Domain

In recent years, Space operations have developed into a remarkable field of strategic interest for technologically advanced nations and military activities. In particular, the discussions surrounding Space functions has increased significantly, as has the awareness of the dependence on Space by NATO member countries. It is commonly accepted in the NATO operational environment that Space is a valuable resource, available for military activities and it’s a domain which must be preserved against possible intrusions aimed at preventing and limiting the...

Building the Command and Control of the Future from the Bottom Up

Courtesy of War on the Rocks, Web Edition, 16 January 2020. This article was published in War on the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2020/01/building-the-command-and-control-of-the-future-from-the-bottom-up/. We have seen the future of effective military command and control and it is only made possible by speed. In the future, adversaries will increasingly rely on machines rather than people for basic functions like surveying the battlespace, distinguishing friend from foe, and formulating options for strikes. To keep pace, the US military is developing a new mechanism for command...

Battlespace Management Panel Introduction

‘We have to put aside the comfortable ways of thinking and planning, take risks and try new things so that we can prepare our forces to deter and defeat adversaries that have not yet emerged to challenge us.’ Donald Rumsfeld, US Secretary of Defense, Feb 2002 According to Alliance Joint Doctrine, which describes how operations should be conducted, ‘Battlespace Management (BM) is necessary adaptive means, measures and procedures that enable the dynamic synchronization of activities in the modern battlespace’. by mitigating...

DARPA Tiles Together a Vision of Mosaic Warfare

Courtesy of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Online Article at: https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/darpa-tiles-together-a-vision-of-mosiac-warfare. The concept is called ‘Mosaic Warfare’. Like the ceramic tiles in mosaics, these individual warfighting platforms are put together to make a larger picture, or in this case, a force package. The idea will be to send so many weapon and sensor platforms at the enemy that its forces are overwhelmed. The goal is to take complexity and to turn that into an asymmetric advantage, said Burns, who retired...

Applied-Field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters

The critical dependence of terrestrial defence applications on space assets and satellites has positioned space as the next frontier where the struggle for global dominance will take place. The rapidly evolving nature of satellite capabilities is defining the requirements of future defence space assets while the ever-growing popularity of small satellites and satellite constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) demands the consolidation of communications and monitoring satellites in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO). The result of such action dictates that the...

European Air Transport Command

When the European Air Transport Command (EATC) was established in 2010, it was the most suitable solution for some European nations in search of a trustworthy and flexible solution to optimize the use of scarce air transport resources and to face harsh operational challenges. Since then, EATC evolved quickly, growing from the initial four founding nations to the current seven-member nations. EATC has certainly become the major provider of military-air transport in Europe. The realization that the combination of national...

The Strategic Value of Aircraft Carriers

The political and military leaders of many seafaring nations with blue-water navies worldwide and strong maritime interests, in the effort to imagine the future of their military forces, could soon face the dilemma of whether or not to finance an aircraft carrier programme. While the United States Navy (US Navy), as the only global military power, has funded its fleet of 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers for fiscal year 2020, and the gas turbine engines of the United Kingdom’s (UK) second...

Embracing Transformation

Since its origin, Military Aviation has been faced with two challenges: how to effectively counter the air capabilities of the adversary and how to generate and integrate effects across the land/sea battlefield. Now, while the first challenge is common to the other services, marking their strategic relevance in their respective domains for the National Defence, the former seems to be more of an issue for the Air Force. In fact, it is undeniable that only the Air Force serves a...

A Comprehensive Approach to Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Over the last decades, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have been fielded in every military service, ranging from handheld micro-UAS to medium-sized tactical systems to fully grown and Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). At the same time, the civilian market has witnessed an exponential growth of predominantly smaller systems intended for public and recreational use. However, the latter use case has gained the attention of law enforcement agencies and military force protection communities due to the increased misuse of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) ‘drones’...

Future Command and Control of Electronic Warfare

New Functional Services are on Their Way to Enhance NATO’s Ability to Effectively Command and Control Electromagnetic Operations. During a NATO-led operation, a helicopter crashed due to a malfunction. The helicopter crashed well within a contested area. Unfortunately, the pilot was not able to transmit his last position prior to the crash. This event changed the daily routine within the NATO Combined Joint Task Force ELBONIA staff who immediately initiated the contingency plans for personnel recovery in hostile-controlled areas. Without...

Journal Edition 28

As the Assistant Director of the JAPCC, it gives me great pleasure to introduce the 28th Edition of the ‘Journal of the JAPCC’ and congratulate authors for their most valuable contributions on Joint Air & Space Power. I would like to start by providing a warm welcome to our new JAPCC Director, General Jeffrey L. Harrigian, who joins us from Ramstein AB, Germany and his previous position as Deputy Commander, US Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa. We...

A Comprehensive Approach to Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Over the last decades, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have been fielded in every military service, ranging from handheld micro-UAS to medium-sized tactical systems to fully grown and Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). At the same time, the civilian market has witnessed an exponential growth of predominantly smaller systems intended for public and recreational use. However, the latter use case has gained the attention of law enforcement agencies and military force protection communities due to the increased misuse of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) ‘drones’...

Will the Aircraft Carrier Survive?

Since the First World War, the importance of sea-based aviation has evolved, including the increasingly diverse mission sets aircraft carriers provide. Expert opinions on the future effectiveness of air power from the sea have also changed dramatically. Various state-sponsored and non-state actors, utilizing unconventional warfare tactics, pose a plausible threat to the force protection of any naval vessel. However, strategists consider China and Russia as the most likely potential adversaries to have peer capabilities, credibly able to threaten a Carrier...

Challenges of Future SEAD Operations

The advent of balloons in 1783, and their military employment during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), In order to allow friendly aircraft to conduct missions and support joint air power operations across the spectrum of warfare – from peacekeeping to high-intensity conflicts – NATO has nurtured developments in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) mission. However, the newest generation of complex and capable enemy air defence assets threatens to overwhelm NATO’s current SEAD abilities....

Modernizing NATO in the North

First, I would stress that in the European part of the Alliance we need to pay attention both to the South, East and the North. In many ways, the different regions have different challenges. However, isolated incidents in one region could inflict consequences in other regions. The challenges are interlinked; a potential threat to the Baltic regions will immediately affect the north and vice versa. Norway considers ourselves to be the NATO gatekeeper of the north, monitoring the northern flank....

Multi-Domain Command and Control

‘War is the realm of uncertainty; three quarters of the factors on which action in war is based are wrapped in a fog of greater or lesser uncertainty. […] The commander in war must work in a medium which his eyes cannot see; which his best deductive powers cannot always fathom; and with which, because of constant changes he can rarely become familiar.’ Carl von Clausewitz, On War As the pace of technology accelerated the availability of cutting-edge military knowledge,...

Standardizing Automated Air-to-Air Refuelling

Researchers have been studying the possibility of refuelling aircraft without a human at the controls for nearly two decades. Finally, that research is coming to fruition. In 2007, an Automated Aerial Refuelling Demonstration (AARD) achieved a major milestone by conducting the first automated (piloted but ‘hands off’) engagement of a probe and drogue system. That test was led by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Defence Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA), and their industry partners. Since then...

Sustaining the Most Powerful Military Alliance

Over the past year and a half, it has been a privilege to command NATO’s Allied Air Command (AIRCOM), US Air Forces Europe and US Air Forces Africa. Add in the role as the Director of the Joint Air Power Competence Centre and it has been an honour to be part of four fantastic teams. As our Command Group has travelled throughout the NATO theatre, we have been continually impressed by the quality of the personnel that nations assign to...

Unmanned Air Systems in NATO Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)

The resurgence of Russian Federation Navy (RFN) submarine activity in the past few years has stimulated a response action from the Alliance. At both the 2014 Wales and 2016 Warsaw NATO Summits, Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) was identified as a crucial focus area which the Alliance must address to ensure it maintains its advantage and freedom of movement in the maritime domain. Many documents have cited NATO’s decreasing ASW capability and capacity, mostly due to the rapid decline of RFN submarine...

Maritime Rotary Wing

Spurred by a desire to extend their influence in the world through sea power, many nations recognized in the early 1900s airborne assets would become a fundamental component of maritime warfare. Consequently, many traditional maritime powers have celebrated the 100 anniversary of their Naval Aviation services within recent years, starting with the UK Royal Navy in 2009, the French Aeronavale in 2010, the US Navy in 2011, and the Italian and German Naval forces in 2013. While air power is...

Unintentional Air Strikes during Dynamic Operations

Images of bombed hospitals stunned participants of the 2016 JAPCC Conference, as a Panellist raised the unsettling and poignant issue about how operations sometimes transcend military objectives. Specifically, the panellist expressed concern about ‘recurring kinetic strikes against civilian and/or medical facilities and what is being done to prevent further occurrences’. Discussion of the topic exposed significant differences in opinion about the reasons for, and prevention of, such strikes. Subsequently, the JAPCC hosted a meeting of interested parties to further a...

Unmanned Aerial Systems Miniaturization

The design of the first-ever Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) that appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s was determined, and limited, by the payload size and weight of the sensors available. During that time the production of high-definition aerial imagery required a platform which today is called NATO class 2 UAS, weighing between 150 and 600 kg and requiring dedicated launch and recovery elements. Fielding such systems required an extensive amount of money, knowledge, personnel, and organizational structure, which...

Joint ISR and Air C2

Since 2014, NATO has seen a dramatic change in its security environment. In Warsaw, NATO’s HOSG stated that there is ‘an arc of in­security and instability along NATO’s periphery and beyond. The ­Alliance faces a range of security challenges and threats that originate both from the east and from the south; from state and non-state actors; from military forces and from terrorist, cyber, or hybrid attacks’. NATO has reacted to this changed security environment by ­enhancing its deterrence and defence...

The Role of NATO Joint Air Power in Deterrence and Collective Defence

The review of NATO air power conducted pursuant to the Wales summit communiqué and the subsequent February 2016 NATO tasking has set in motion an important two-step process to deliver a NATO air power strategy. Under this process, a conceptual basis analyzing ‘Ends and Ways’ will be considered in a first study. A second step due a year later will finalize the joint air power strategy by considering Means. As a result, NATO air power will be on an equivalent...

Preserving NATO’s C2 Edge

Mission Training through Distributed Simulation (MTDS) began in the late 1990s as an internal training system, and through the work of the NATO E-3A Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) Component, it is now a significant model for simulating various military capabilities in team play throughout NATO. In the last two years, MTDS has rapidly expanded to support interoperability with a number of airframes, nations, weapon systems, and even Joint Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (JISR) capabilities. More recently and significantly,...

Beating Brownout

When I started my helicopter pilot training at Whiting Field (US), I practiced my landings on clean, square, cement pavement. Conditions hardly differed when I made my first operational landings as a Navy helicopter pilot. When I approached a ship’s landing spot, my only concern was not dropping my helicopter into the sea. I had no idea that my landings could become more challenging until I started to fly missions in support of Amphibious Operations or Special Operations. In fact,...

The Future NATO Rotorcraft Force

During the Wales summit in 2014, the need for modern, robust and capable forces at high readiness, in the air, on land, and at sea, in order to meet current and future challenges was highlighted. It was stated NATO joint air power capabilities require longer-term consideration and an analyses of the future role of joint air power should be conducted. Following this political guidance, which has implications for the Alliance’s Long-term Military Transformation (LTMT) process, the Bi-SC issued the ‘Report...

Defending NATO’s Aviation Capabilities from Cyber Attack

‘Cyber-attacks present a clear challenge to the security of the Alliance and could be as harmful to modern societies as a conventional attack. We agreed in Wales that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. Now, in Warsaw, we reaffirm NATO’s defensive mandate, and recognise cyberspace as a domain of operations in which NATO must defend itself effectively as it does in the air, on the land, and at sea.’ The world is becoming ever more...

Optical Data Links for Aerial Applications

Optical fibres move tens of terabits of data every second between cities and across oceans. But for the majority of Earth’s surface, where running fibre is impractical physically or financially, communication satellites in space provide connectivity to remote ground users and also to mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships, and even other satellites. These links traditionally rely on Radio-Frequency (RF) communications, which while reliable, are orders of magnitude slower in moving data than optical fibre links, and have issues related...

Fit for the Future

Some call it the post-industrial age. I feel uncomfortable with this designation. The most influential driver of this new world, this new society, I believe is the exponential technological development witnessed in all areas of expertise. This technology development will significantly impact all forms and ways of life, with software playing an ever-increasing role. I feel therefore more comfortable with the term ‘The Software Revolution’. This revolution will not only disrupt or influence the way we live as individuals, but will...

Air Command and Control in the Amphibious Environment

Although NATO, as an Alliance, has never executed an opposed amphibious landing, it continues to grow, maintain, and exercise its amphibious warfare capability and the role of Air Power in support of Landing Operations continues to evolve. Although exercises such as the recently concluded Trident Juncture series emphasize combined arms maneuver from the sea and have brought amphibious landings back into vogue, the stark reality is NATO as an Alliance has not had to execute that aspect of maritime warfare...

Institutionalizing Counter-Improvised Explosive Device Lessons Learned from Afghanistan

As this is the conclusion of a two-part article, it is highly recommended to read, or re-read, Part 1 before reading this portion. As a reminder, this article represents the distillation of many hundreds of hours of work, including a JAPCC team conducting a number of ‘fact finding’ visits to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) over a period of years and C-IED (Counter-Improvised Explosive Device) capability development workshops supported at a variety of headquarters. The JAPCC used engagements with both...

Italian Naval Air Power

This article is an abbreviated version of a longer essay written in June 2015. The full version can be provided on request. Italian Naval Air Power plays a key role across the strategic concepts of Italian Maritime Power. The projection of capabilities and integrated maritime surveillance are two of the major pillars of Italian Naval Air Power. Italy, located in the middle of the Mediter­ranean Sea with more than 8,000 kilometres of coastline, has an economy that is heavily reliant...

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

In recent years, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) have been the aviation industry’s most dynamic growth sector and this trend is expected to continue. Market studies estimate that worldwide spending on RPAS will nearly double over the next decade, totalling almost $91 billion in the next ten years. There are a multitude of civil and military applications for RPAS, particularly where they appear to offer ­advantages, e.g. reduced risk to human personnel, ­extended loiter times, reduced environmental disturb­ance or better...

Doing the Same with Less

While the fight against DAESH is conducted through a ‘Coalition of the Willing’, there are no ongoing large-scale NATO-led operations. Additionally, though the exact outcome of the Ukraine crisis is still unknown, the recent temporary increase of Air Policing along the eastern borders of the Alliance was not planned, at least not initially, to become a long lasting endeavour. This implies that the Organization will transform from a wartime, combat posture, towards an era in which education, training, and exercise...

If We Are Not Talking About Air, Who Else Will?

With this journal issue, the Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) celebrates its 10th anniversary. The JAPCC was and has been, since its accreditation in 2005, the first and largest NATO Centre of Excellence (CoE). Although the NATO Command Structure had, at that time, established Air Component Commands at Ramstein and Izmir, a centralized strategic-level Joint Air and Space Power body was lacking. In response to this need, the JAPCC was born. Its initial purpose was to foster the development...

Looking Back …

Since it was established in 2005, The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC), NATO’s first Centre of Excellence (CoE), was empowered to advance improvements and the transformation process of Joint Air and Space Power (A&SP) by deliver­ing effective solutions through independent thought and analysis. Today with a history of successful products and growing partnerships with industry, academia and the military community, the JAPCC continues to build upon its hard-earned reputation as NATO’s pre-eminent advocate for the development and enhancement of...

Intellectual Interoperability and Higher Education

The read-ahead material for the 2013 JAPCC Conference touched on the concept of ‘Intellectual Inter­operability’. In the context of how useful – or even ­essential – the application of this concept might be for NATO Air Power, it is worth con­sidering the role that Uni­ver­sities might play in this. I will just pause here to ‘declare my interest’ by saying that, after 28 years as a navigator in the Royal Air Force (RAF), I recently began a new career at...

Developing Future Force Protection Capability

In the first part of this article the author set the scene for the definition of what can be described as a Force Protection (FP) Minimum Military Requirement (MMR). The thinking behind this work is that if a MMR can be defined that will provided a satisfactory level of protection across a spectrum of future scenarios, then NATO can seek from the nations the commitment of forces ahead of time as part of any national contribution to the NATO Reaction...

Air-to-Air Refuelling Consolidation

‘Of all air power force-multipliers, Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR) is amongst the most significant. It provides an essential capability that increases the range, endurance, payload and flexibility of all capable receiver aircraft, and is especially important when forward basing is limited or unavailable, or air base operations limitations impose constraints.’ NATO, Allied Tactical Publication (ATP) 3.3.4 Vol II AAR Doctrine (Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency, 2013) There is little doubt as to the requirement amongst air forces for AAR capability. AAR capability...

Interoperability Through Innovation

As the war in Afghanistan comes to its pre-planned conclusion after 13 years, nations will be faced with decisions that will shape the future of warfare. The probable reduction of defence spending over the next decade will undoubtedly affect force structures, emerging weapons systems and combat readiness. International resolve to work together, build capacity and educate leaders will be tested. Efficient and effective Air-Land integration and application of Joint Fires offer opportunities to achieve the greatest combat effectiveness while minimising...

African Relations

“… beyond our [Alliance] frontiers there is uncertainty and insecurity, … my first and enduring priority will be to ensure that NATO remains vigilant and prepared to meet the challenges and threats of the future.” General Philip Mark Breedlove, USAF, SACEUR, 13 May 2013 Europe is part of an area of influence where conflict between neighbours arises from aspects of ethnic, religious and border disputes. However, there are some more relevant factors that feed into this conflict. In fact, in...

Developing Future Force Protection Capability

This 2-part article focussed on Force Protection (FP) will discuss some of the issues surrounding where NATO FP might be going and explore where perhaps it should be going? In this first instalment, the author will try to outline the realities of FP today, discuss NATO’s doctrinal approach, introduce current challenges and suggest why lessons identified need to be captured. The second piece, which will be published in the JAPCC’s Spring 2014 edition, will analyse the work done by students...

Regional Fighter Partnership

“The [financial] crisis makes cooperation between nations no longer a choice. It is a necessity. Today, no European Ally on its own is able to develop the full range of responses to meet all security challenges … I see three ways ahead: pooling and sharing resources; setting the right priorities; and forging closer links with industry and within Europe.” NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, 7 Feb 2011 Some new NATO member nations in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) will...

Journal Edition 4

“My logisticians are a humourless lot … they know if my campaign fails, they are the first ones I will slay.” Alexander the Great While NATO’s approach to logistics may not be as direct as Alexander’s, achieving effective and efficient joint deployment and sustainment is one of Allied Command Transformation’s 3 transformational goals. To airmen logistics might not be as ‘sexy’ as achieving coherent effects or as apparently progressive as achieving decision superiority, the other 2 transformation goals, but air...

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